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    • Cortisol levels among older people with and without depression and dementia 

      Barca, Maria Lage; Eldholm, Rannveig Sakshaug; Persson, Karin Ester Torun; Björklöf, Guro Hanevold; Borza, Tom; Telenius, Elisabeth Wiken; Knapskog, Anne-Brita; Brækhus, Anne; Saltvedt, Ingvild; Selbæk, Geir; Engedal, Knut (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      Cortisol dysregulation has been reported in dementia and depression. Cortisol levels and its associates were investigated among older people living at home and in nursing homes, in a cross-sectional study. A sample of 650 ...

    • CoShare: An Efficient Approach for RedundancyAllocation in NFV 

      Woldeyohannes, Yordanos Tibebu; Tola, Besmir; Jiang, Yuming; Ramakrishnan, K. K. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      An appealing feature of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is that in an NFV-based network, a network function (NF) instance may be placed at any node. On the one hand this offers great flexibility in allocation of ...

    • Cosmic ray models 

      Kachelriess, Michael; Semikoz, DV (Journal article, 2019)
      We review progress in high-energy cosmic ray physics focusing on recent experimental results and models developed for their interpretation. Emphasis is put on the propagation of charged cosmic rays, covering the whole range ...

    • Cosmic-ray antinuclei as messengers of new physics: Status and outlook for the new decade 

      Von Doetinchem, Doetinchem; Perez, K.; Aramaki, T.; Baker, S.; Barwick, S.; Bird, R.; Boezio, M.; Boggs, S. E.; Cui, M.; Datta, A.; Donato, Fiorenza; Evoli, C.; Fabris, L.; Fabbietti, L.; Bueno, E. Ferronato; Fornengo, N.; Fuke, H.; Gerrity, C.; Coral, D. Gomez; Hailey, C. J.; Hooper, D.; Kachelriess, Michael; Korsmeier, M.; Kozai, M.; Lea, R.; Li, N.; Lowell, A.; Manghisoni, M.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Munini, R.; Naskret, M.; Nelson, T.; Ng, K.C.Y.; Nozzoli, F.; Oliva, A.; Ong, R. A.; Osteria, G.; Pierog, T.; Poulin, Vivian; Profumo, S.; Pöschl, T.; Quinn, S.; Re, V.; Rogers, F.; Ryan, J.; Saffold, N.; Sakai, K.; Salati, P.; Schael, S.; Serksnyte, L.; Shukla, A.; Stoessl, A.; Tjemsland, Jørgen; Vannuccini, E.; Vecchi, M.; Winkler, M.W.; Wright, D.; Xiao, M.; Xu, W.; Yoshida, T.; Zampa, G.; Zuccon, P. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      The precise measurement of cosmic-ray antinuclei serves as an important means for identifying the nature of dark matter and other new astrophysical phenomena, and could be used with other cosmic-ray species to understand ...

    • Cosmopolitan Conundrums: Impacts of Trade Fortresses on the Gã Space, 1450–1870 

      Osei-Tutu, J. Kwadwo; von Hesse, Hermann W. (Chapter, 2018)

    • Cost analysis of day care centres in Norway 

      Vossius, Corinna Elisabeth; Selbæk, Geir; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Wimo, A.; Engedal, Knut; Kirkevold, Øyvind; Rokstad, Anne Marie Mork (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Background: Day care services aim to offer meaningful activities and a safe environment for the attendees and a respite for family caregivers while being cost effective. This study compares the use of formal and informal ...

    • Cost consequences of task-shifting intravitreal injections from physicians to nurses in a tertiary hospital in Norway 

      Bolme, Stine; Austeng, Dordi Kristine; Morken, Tora Sund; Follestad, Turid; Halsteinli, Vidar (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      Background Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor is a medicine administered intravitreally by an injection to maintain visual acuity in patients with a variety of retinal diseases. The demand for this treatment has ...

    • Cost disease in defense and public administration: Baumol and politics 

      Borge, Lars-Erik; Hove, Kjetil Hatlebakk; Lillekvelland, Tobias; Tovmo, Per (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      William Baumol’s model predicts a steady increase in relative public sector prices (or costs) because of the combination of slow productivity growth and wage growth similar to sectors wherein productivity is growing more ...

    • Cost Escalation in Road Construction Contracts 

      Welde, Morten; Dahl, Roy Endre Holsvik (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      This paper presents a study of cost escalation in unit price road construction contracts. The aim is to investigate why the final cost of contracts differs from the agreed contract cost following tendering, both to identify ...

    • Cost escalations in the front-end of projects – empirical evidence from Norwegian road projects 

      Welde, Morten; Odeck, James (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)
      This paper investigates an issue largely ignored in the transport literature on cost overruns, namely, cost increases in the early project phase, long before the decision to build is made. This is the phase of project ...

    • Cost management and working capital management: ebony and ivory in perfect harmony? 

      Berg, Terje; Gustafsson, Emil; Wahlstrøm, Ranik Raaen (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2024)
      The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the potential association between a firm’s cost behavior, characterized as cost stickiness or anti-stickiness, and working capital management (WCM), as measured by the ...

    • A Cost Model for Data Discovery in Large-Scale IoT Networks of Smart Cities 

      Soltvedt, Torbjørn Kirkevik; Sinaeepourfard, Amir; Ahlers, Dirk (Chapter, 2020)
      A smart city with huge numbers of physical (e.g., sensors and actuators) and non-physical (e.g., external databases) data sources will continuously produce high amounts of massive city-data. Distributed data storage across ...

    • Cost modelling of onboard cobot-supported item sorting in a picking system 

      Fager, Patrik; Calzavara, Martina; Sgarbossa, Fabio (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      For manual picking processes in warehouses and assembly line feeding, collaborative robots – cobots – hold a potential to support operators and, thereby, enhance performance. However, studies focused on the economic aspects ...

    • Cost Optimal Design of Zero Emission Neighborhoods’ (ZENs) Energy System Model Presentation and Case Study on Evenstad 

      Pinel, Dimitri; Korpås, Magnus; Lindberg, Karen Byskov (Chapter, 2019)
      Zero Emission Neighborhoods (ZEN) is a concept studied in particular in the research center on ZEN in smart cities in Norway to reduce the CO2 emissions of neighborhoods. One question coming along this concept is how to ...

    • Cost Overruns of Transportation Infrastructure Projects 

      Odeck, James; Welde, Morten (Chapter, 2021)
      What is a cost overrun of a transportation project? What problems does it cause? How should overruns be measured? How common and prevalent are overruns worldwide? What are the potential ways of avoiding overruns? These are ...

    • Cost savings and CO2 emissions reduction potential in the German district heating system with demand response 

      Ju, Yuchen; Lindholm, Joakim; Verbeck, Moritz; Jokisalo, Juha; Kosonen, Risto; Janβen, Philipp; Li, Yantong; Schäfers, Hans; Nord, Natasa (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Demand response (DR) has been an effective technique to maximize the proportion of renewable energies integrated into energy supply systems. This paper investigated the benefits of DR on three building types (apartment ...

    • Cost-Aware Dual Prediction Scheme for Reducing Transmissions at IoT Sensor Nodes 

      Håkansson, Victor Wattin; Dasanadoddi Venkategowda, Naveen Kumar; Kraemer, Frank Alexander; Werner, Stefan (Chapter, 2019)
      This paper develops a method for deciding when to update the prediction model or transmit a set of measurements from the sensor to the fusion centre (FC) to achieve minimal data transmission in a dual prediction scheme ...

    • Cost-aware renewable energy management: Centralized vs. distributed generation 

      Leithon, Johann; Werner, Stefan; Koivunen, Visa (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)
      We propose optimization strategies for cooperating households equipped with renewable energy assets and storage devices. We consider two system configurations: In the first configuration, households share access to an ...

    • Cost-Benefit Analysis of Battery Energy Storage in Electric Power Grids: Research and Practices 

      Sperstad, Iver Bakken; Istad, Maren Kristine; Sæle, Hanne; Korpås, Magnus; Oleinikova, Irina; Hänninen, Seppo; Motta, Sergio; Panagiotou, Konstantina; Papadimitriou, Christina; Efthymiou, Venizelos; Træholt, Chresten; Marinelli, Mattia (Chapter, 2020)
      This paper provides an overview of methods for including Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) into electric power grid planning. The general approach to grid planning is the same with and without BESS, but when BESS is ...

    • Cost-benefit Evaluation of Remote Inspection of Offshore Wind Farms by Simulating the Operation and Maintenance Phase 

      Netland, Øyvind; Sperstad, Iver Bakken; Hofmann, Matthias; Skavhaug, Amund (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2014)
      This paper presents a cost-benefit evaluation that investigates the potential economic benefits of using remote inspection technology for offshore wind farms. Remote inspection consists of a robot system inside the turbine ...