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dc.contributor.authorFelius, Laurina C
dc.contributor.authorHamdy, Mohamed
dc.contributor.authorDessen, Fredrik
dc.contributor.authorHrynyszyn, Bozena Dorota
dc.date.accessioned2022-05-04T08:40:36Z
dc.date.available2022-05-04T08:40:36Z
dc.date.created2020-11-05T15:12:13Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.identifier.citationBuildings. 2020, 10 (11), .en_US
dc.identifier.issn2075-5309
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/2994065
dc.description.abstractImproving the energy efficiency of existing buildings by implementing building automation control strategies (BACS) besides building envelope and energy system retrofitting has been recommended by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2018. This paper investigated this recommendation by conducting a simulation-based optimization to explore cost-effective retrofitting combinations of building envelope, energy systems and BACS measures in-line with automation standard EN 15232. Two cases (i.e., a typical single-family house and apartment block) were modeled and simulated using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE). The built-in optimization tool, GenOpt, was used to minimize energy consumption as the single objective function. The associated difference in life cycle cost, compared to the reference design, was calculated for each optimization iteration. Thermal comfort of the optimized solutions was assessed to verify the thermal comfort acceptability. Installing an air source heat pump had a greater energy-saving potential than reducing heat losses through the building envelope. Implementing BACS achieved cost-effective energy savings up to 24%. Energy savings up to 57% were estimated when BACS was combined with the other retrofitting measures. Particularly for compact buildings, where the potential of reducing heat losses through the envelope is limited, the impact of BACS increased. BACS also improved the thermal comfort.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.titleUpgrading the Smartness of Retrofitting Packages Towards Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Cold Climate Countries: Two Case Studiesen_US
dc.title.alternativeUpgrading the Smartness of Retrofitting Packages Towards Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Cold Climate Countries: Two Case Studiesen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.source.pagenumber26en_US
dc.source.volume10en_US
dc.source.journalBuildingsen_US
dc.source.issue11en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/buildings10110200
dc.identifier.cristin1845351
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode1


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