Naturally occurring phenethyl isothiocyanate-induced inhibition of gastric cancer cell growth by disruption of microtubules

Abstract

Abstract Background and Aim Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) derives from vegetables commonly consumed by man and has been demonstrated as a promising chemopreventive agent against several types of cancer. However, the potential in preventing gastric cancer as well as the underlying mechanisms are to date not fully understood. The present study aimed at elucidating the cellular effects induced by PEITC in gastric cancer cells leading to apoptosis. Methods The human gastric cancer cell lines Kato-III and MKN74 were employed. Cell proliferation was assayed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Morphology and migration were investigated through a contrast microscope. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed using flow cytometry of PI-stained cells. Microtubules were studied by confocal detection of Kato-III cells transfected to express GFP-tagged microtubules. Commercial kits were employed to study the effect of PEITC on apoptosis, caspase-3 activity, and glutathione content in MKN74 cells. Results Kato-III and MKN74 cells responded, with different sensitivity, dose- and time-dependently in inhibition of cell proliferation to PEITC treatment. Further, PEITC induced aberrated cell morphologies and inhibited migration of MKN74 cells. Kato-III cells treated with PEITC accumulated in G2/M phase and displayed a loss of microtubuli with the subsequent formation of apoptotic bodies. Although weak responses, MKN74 cells also accumulated in G2/M phase, became apoptotic, increased caspase-3 activity, and suffered a reduction of glutathione pool. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that PEITC induces disintegration of microtubules in human gastric cancer cells contributing to cell cycle arrest and ultimately apoptosis, contributing to an increased understanding of PEITC-induced inhibition of gastric cancer cell growth.