dc.contributor.author | zheng, jia | |
dc.contributor.author | Zheng, Tianye | |
dc.contributor.author | Cheng, Ka-wai | |
dc.contributor.author | Lam, Kwok-ho | |
dc.contributor.author | Boles, Steven | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-10-23T14:22:59Z | |
dc.date.available | 2023-10-23T14:22:59Z | |
dc.date.created | 2023-10-19T16:13:42Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2023 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 0013-4651 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3098184 | |
dc.description.abstract | Group IVA elements exhibit interesting Na storage capabilities due to the success of their Li alloy analogues. However, beyond hard carbon, they remain poorly understood as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Here, kinetic investigations of the electrochemical sodiation of Si and Ge are conducted using liquid electrolytes and half-cell configurations. Sodiation of Ge is found to be kinetically limited rather than thermodynamically limited. Either increasing temperature or decreasing sodiation rate can facilitate easier transformations from Ge to Na-Ge phases. A critical temperature seems to exist between 50 °C and 60 °C, beyond which a higher sodiation capacity is evident. The phase transformations are analyzed using Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami theory. Following a one-dimensional growth, the Ge to NaGe4 is determined to be diffusion limited whereas NaGe4 to Na1+xGe is controlled by reaction speed. Moreover, the Arrhenius equation is employed to investigate the temperature dependence on both phase transformations, giving activation energies of ∼50 kJ·mol−1 and ∼70 kJ·mol−1, respectively. Schematic models are proposed to elucidate the sodiation mechanisms, potentially influencing sought-after advancements in cell formats and classifications. Not only does this work lay the foundation for efforts on the Ge-based anodes, but also provides analogous kinetic information to Si/Sn-based ones for SIBs. | en_US |
dc.language.iso | eng | en_US |
dc.publisher | IOP Publishing | en_US |
dc.rights | Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal | * |
dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no | * |
dc.title | Insights into the Sodiation Kinetics of Si and Ge Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries | en_US |
dc.title.alternative | Insights into the Sodiation Kinetics of Si and Ge Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries | en_US |
dc.type | Peer reviewed | en_US |
dc.type | Journal article | en_US |
dc.description.version | publishedVersion | en_US |
dc.source.journal | Journal of the Electrochemical Society | en_US |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1149/1945-7111/ad0075 | |
dc.identifier.cristin | 2186520 | |
cristin.ispublished | true | |
cristin.fulltext | original | |
cristin.qualitycode | 2 | |