Revisiting Austfonna, Svalbard, with potential field methods - A new characterization of the bed topography and its physical properties

Abstract

With hundreds of metres of ice, the bedrock underlying Austfonna, the largest icecap on Svalbard, is hard to characterize in terms of topography and physical properties. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements supply ice thickness estimation, but the data quality is temperature dependent, leading to uncertainties. To remedy this, we include airborne gravity measurements. With a significant density contrast between ice and bedrock, subglacial bed topography is effectively derived from gravity modelling. While the ice thickness model relies primarily on the gravity data, integrating airborne magnetic data provides an extra insight into the basement distribution. This contributes to refining the range of density expected under the ice and improving the subice model. For this study, a prominent magmatic north–south-oriented intrusion and the presence of carbonates are assessed. The results reveal the complexity of the subsurface lithology, characterized by different basement affinities. With the geophysical parameters of the bedrock determined, a new bed topography is extracted and adjusted for the potential field interpretation, i.e. magnetic- and gravity-data analysis and modelling. When the results are compared to bed elevation maps previously produced by radio-echo sounding (RES) and GPR data, the discrepancies are pronounced where the RES and GPR data are scarce. Hence, areas with limited coverage are addressed with the potential field interpretation, increasing the accuracy of the overall bed topography. In addition, the methodology improves understanding of the geology; assigns physical properties to the basements; and reveals the presence of softer bed, carbonates and magmatic intrusions under Austfonna, which influence the basal-sliding rates and surges.