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dc.contributor.advisorAasly, Jan
dc.contributor.advisorGulati, Sasha
dc.contributor.authorHustad, Eldbjørg
dc.date.accessioned2022-07-15T08:31:55Z
dc.date.available2022-07-15T08:31:55Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-326-6042-1
dc.identifier.issn2703-8084
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/3005685
dc.description.abstractNorsk sammendrag Parkinson’s sykdom Fra grunnleggende mekanismer til sykdomsprogresjon Parkinson’s sykdom (PS) er den vanligste bevegelsesforstyrrelsen og karakteriseres ved både motoriske og ikke-motoriske symptomer (NMS). Det er en progressiv sykdom som medfører stor belastning både for den som rammes av sykdommen og deres familier. Det finnes per i dag ingen sykdomsmodifiserende behandling. Diagnosen baseres på de motoriske symptomene: langsomme bevegelser (bradykinesi), muskelstivhet (rigiditet) og skjelvinger (tremor). Problemet er imidlertid, at på det tidspunkt hvor vi klinisk kan stille diagnosen, har allerede 40–60 % av de dopaminproduserende cellene i basalgangliene gått tapt. I denne latente fasen, også kalt prodromalfasen, som kan vare fra fem til mer enn 20 år, har pasientene symptomer eller tegn på nevrodegenerasjon ved PS, men en definitiv klinisk diagnose kan ennå ikke stilles. Hvis vi kunne identifisere biomarkører for tidlig diagnostikk, ville det kunne belyse sykdommens patofysiologi og bidra til utvikling av nevroprotektiv behandling. Målet med dette arbeidet var å øke kunnskapen om og utdype forståelsen av diagnostiske og prognostiske biomarkører ved PS. Så langt har ingen biomarkører oppnådd pålitelighet for å kunne diagnostisere manifest PS. Derfor er det presserende nødvendig å identifisere slike biomarkører for å kunne stille nøyaktig diagnose, måle alvorlighetsgraden av sykdommen for kommende kliniske studier med antatte nevroprotektive medikamenter og identifisere ulike kliniske fenotyper, for eksempel tidlig kognitiv svikt for å forbedre pasientbehandlingen. Diagnostisk unøyaktighet er fortsatt et problem ved PS, spesielt kort tid etter diagnosen er stilt og i de eldre aldersgruppene. I studier hvor man søker å finne nye PS-biomarkører, kan deltagelse av feildiagnostiserte kasus og kontroller gi skjeve effektstørrelsesestimater og misvisende assosiasjonsresultater. Studiedeltakerne ble rekruttert fra Trondheim PS- og LRRK2-kohortene og fra HUNT studien I-III. Våre studier bekreftet at cerebrospinalvæskemarkørene, t-, o-α-syn og TNF-α er kandidat risikobiomarkører for å oppdage PS i prodromalstadiet. Den hjerne-scintigrafiske undersøkelsen DAT- SPECT vil kunne påvise diskrete endringer hos prekliniske og prodromale PS-pasienter, og er derfor en mulig avbildnings biomarkør for tidlig diagnose av PS i det presymptomatiske stadium av sykdommen og for overvåking av sykdomsprogresjon. Det er økt dødelighet hos de med tidlig debut av PS (EOPD). Pasienter med alder ved debut (AAO) før 40 år hadde en mer enn fem ganger høyere dødelighet enn en tilsvarende generell befolkning. Kognitiv svikt var sterkt assosiert med dødelighet ved PS. I jakten på nye biomarkører for PS er kvalitetssikring av internasjonal klassifisering av sykdommer (ICD)-koder som registreres i helseregistre avgjørende før biologisk materiale hentet fra disse populasjonene kan tas i bruk.en_US
dc.description.abstractEnglish summary Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder characterized by various motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). The diagnosis is based on the motor symptoms: bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. However, 40–60% loss of dopaminergic cells has already occurred when PD is clinically diagnosed. In this latent phase, also called the prodromal phase, which can vary from five to more than 20 years, patients have symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration, but a definitive clinical diagnosis is not yet possible. If we could identify biomarkers for early diagnosis, this may facilitate the development of neuroprotective therapies and help elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease. PD is a progressive disorder causing a heavy burden both on those affected and their families. Despite modern therapy, there are currently no disease-modifying therapies for PD. The prognosis of the progression of motor symptoms, disability, preservation of cognitive function, and mortality is of interest, particularly in early-onset PD (EOPD). Several studies have suggested that the impact of NMS on disability and health-related quality of life is higher than that of motor dysfunction, but less is known about the possible influence of NMS on mortality. Suppose we better understood the factors associated with the risk of mortality. If so, we could enable a more accurate prognostication, better information, improved health service planning, the identification of relevant outcome measures for clinical trials of putative disease-modifying agents, and better targeting of treatments. The overall aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge on and deepen understanding of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in PD. So far, no consistent biomarker has reached the level of useful reliability even for diagnosing fully manifest PD. Therefore, it is urgent to identify such biomarkers to diagnose PD accurately and reliably measure disease severity for upcoming clinical trials with putative neuroprotective agents and to identify different clinical phenotypes, e.g., early cognitive decline, to improve patient care. In the context of PD, diagnostic inaccuracy continues to be a problem, particularly soon after diagnosis and in older age groups. When searching for new PD biomarkers, an incorrect diagnosis of cases and controls may give biased effect size estimates and misleading association results. The study participants were recruited from the Trondheim PD- and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cohort and The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) study I-III. Our studies confirmed that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, t-, o-α-syn, and TNF-α are candidate risk biomarkers for detecting PD at the prodromal stage. Dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DAT- SPECT) imaging would detect subtle changes in preclinical and prodromal PD patients, which may potentially enable an imaging biomarker for early diagnosis of PD at the pre-symptomatic stage of the disease and for monitoring disease progression. There is increased mortality in EOPD. Patients with age at disease onset (AAO) before 40 years had a more than fivefold higher mortality rate than a similar general population. Cognitive impairment was strongly associated with mortality in PD. In the search for new biomarkers for PD, quality assurance of international classification of diseases (ICD) codes entered into health registers is crucial before biological material obtained from these populations can be used. We verified PD in 65% (358/550) and excluded PD in 35% (192/550) of the participants in the HUNT study. This thesis demonstrates the importance of quality assurance of ICD codes entered into health registers before biological material obtained from these populations can be used to search for new biomarkers for PD. The CSF markers t-, o-α-syn, and TNF-α are candidate risk biomarkers for detecting PD at the prodromal stage. DAT- SPECT imaging could enable the detection of subtle changes in preclinical and prodromal PD patients, potentially enabling an imaging biomarker for the early diagnosis of PD at the pre-symptomatic stage of the disease and for monitoring disease progression. Patients who develop PD at a young age will live for a longer time in absolute terms than older patients; however, their life expectancy is reduced to a greater degree than that of lateonset PD patients. There was increased mortality in EOPD, and cognitive impairment was strongly associated with mortality in PD.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherNTNUen_US
dc.relation.ispartofseriesDoctoral theses at NTNU;2022:189
dc.titleParkinsons's disease: From basic mechanisms to illness progressionen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.subject.nsiVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700en_US


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