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dc.contributor.authorKazandjian, Taline D.
dc.contributor.authorPetras, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorRobinson, Samuel D.
dc.contributor.authorvan Thiel, Jory
dc.contributor.authorGreene, Harry W.
dc.contributor.authorArbuckle, Kevin
dc.contributor.authorBarlow, Axel
dc.contributor.authorCarter, David A.
dc.contributor.authorWouters, Roel M.
dc.contributor.authorWhiteley, Gareth
dc.contributor.authorWagstaff, Simon C.
dc.contributor.authorArias, Ana Silvia
dc.contributor.authorAlbulescu, Laura-Oana
dc.contributor.authorPlettenberg Laing, Anthony
dc.contributor.authorHall, Cara
dc.contributor.authorHeap, A.
dc.contributor.authorPenrhyn-Lowe, S.
dc.contributor.authorMcCabe, Cristopher V.
dc.contributor.authorAinsworth, Stuart
dc.contributor.authorda Silva, Ricardo R.
dc.contributor.authorDorrestein, Pieter C.
dc.contributor.authorRichardson, Michael K.
dc.contributor.authorGutiérrez, José Maria
dc.contributor.authorCalvete, Juan J.
dc.contributor.authorHarrison, Robert A.
dc.contributor.authorVetter, Irina
dc.contributor.authorUndheim, Eivind Andreas Baste
dc.contributor.authorWüster, Wolfgang
dc.contributor.authorCasewell, Nicholas Robert
dc.date.accessioned2022-03-21T13:37:56Z
dc.date.available2022-03-21T13:37:56Z
dc.date.created2021-04-29T11:44:17Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifier.citationScience. 2021, 371 (6527), 386-390.en_US
dc.identifier.issn0036-8075
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/2986548
dc.description.abstractConvergent evolution provides insights into the selective drivers underlying evolutionary change. Snake venoms, with a direct genetic basis and clearly defined functional phenotype, provide a model system for exploring the repeated evolution of adaptations. While snakes use venom primarily for predation, and venom composition often reflects diet specificity, three lineages of cobras have independently evolved the ability to spit venom at adversaries. Using gene, protein, and functional analyses, we show that the three spitting lineages possess venoms characterized by an up-regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins, which potentiate the action of preexisting venom cytotoxins to activate mammalian sensory neurons and cause enhanced pain. These repeated independent changes provide a fascinating example of convergent evolution across multiple phenotypic levels driven by selection for defense.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherAmerican Association for the Advancement of Scienceen_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.no*
dc.titleConvergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobrasen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.description.versionacceptedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holderThis is the authors' accepted manuscript to an article published by AAASen_US
dc.source.pagenumber386-390en_US
dc.source.volume371en_US
dc.source.journalScienceen_US
dc.source.issue6527en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1126/science.abb9303
dc.identifier.cristin1907181
dc.relation.projectNorges forskningsråd: 287462en_US
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextpostprint
cristin.qualitycode2


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Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internasjonal
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