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dc.contributor.authorHislop, Jenni
dc.contributor.authorAdewuyi, Temitope E.
dc.contributor.authorVale, Luke D.
dc.contributor.authorHarrild, Kirsten
dc.contributor.authorFraser, Cynthia
dc.contributor.authorGurung, Tara
dc.contributor.authorAltman, Douglas G.
dc.contributor.authorBriggs, Andrew H.
dc.contributor.authorFayers, Peter
dc.contributor.authorRamsay, Craig R.
dc.contributor.authorNorrie, John D.
dc.contributor.authorHarvey, Ian M.
dc.contributor.authorBuckley, Brian
dc.contributor.authorCook, Jonathan A.
dc.date.accessioned2019-11-08T07:39:36Z
dc.date.available2019-11-08T07:39:36Z
dc.date.created2014-11-05T13:06:39Z
dc.date.issued2014
dc.identifier.issn1549-1277
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11250/2627271
dc.description.abstractBackground Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are widely accepted as the preferred study design for evaluating healthcare interventions. When the sample size is determined, a (target) difference is typically specified that the RCT is designed to detect. This provides reassurance that the study will be informative, i.e., should such a difference exist, it is likely to be detected with the required statistical precision. The aim of this review was to identify potential methods for specifying the target difference in an RCT sample size calculation. Methods and Findings A comprehensive systematic review of medical and non-medical literature was carried out for methods that could be used to specify the target difference for an RCT sample size calculation. The databases searched were MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Methodology Register, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index, EconLit, the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and Scopus (for in-press publications); the search period was from 1966 or the earliest date covered, to between November 2010 and January 2011. Additionally, textbooks addressing the methodology of clinical trials and International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) tripartite guidelines for clinical trials were also consulted. A narrative synthesis of methods was produced. Studies that described a method that could be used for specifying an important and/or realistic difference were included. The search identified 11,485 potentially relevant articles from the databases searched. Of these, 1,434 were selected for full-text assessment, and a further nine were identified from other sources. Fifteen clinical trial textbooks and the ICH tripartite guidelines were also reviewed. In total, 777 studies were included, and within them, seven methods were identified—anchor, distribution, health economic, opinion-seeking, pilot study, review of the evidence base, and standardised effect size. Conclusions A variety of methods are available that researchers can use for specifying the target difference in an RCT sample size calculation. Appropriate methods may vary depending on the aim (e.g., specifying an important difference versus a realistic difference), context (e.g., research question and availability of data), and underlying framework adopted (e.g., Bayesian versus conventional statistical approach). Guidance on the use of each method is given. No single method provides a perfect solution for all contexts.nb_NO
dc.language.isoengnb_NO
dc.publisherPublic Library of Sciencenb_NO
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.titleMethods for specifying the target difference in a randomised controlled trial: the Difference ELicitation in TriAls (DELTA) systematic reviewnb_NO
dc.typeJournal articlenb_NO
dc.typePeer reviewednb_NO
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionnb_NO
dc.source.volume11nb_NO
dc.source.journalPLoS Medicinenb_NO
dc.source.issue5:e1001645nb_NO
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pmed.1001645
dc.identifier.cristin1170180
dc.description.localcode2014 Hislop et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.nb_NO
cristin.unitcode194,65,15,0
cristin.unitnameInstitutt for klinisk og molekylær medisin
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode2


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