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Prevalence of abuse reported by pregnant women - impact on postpartum depression and breastfeeding: A prospective population-based analysis in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

Sørbø, Marie Flem
Doctoral thesis
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URI
http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2385831
Date
2016
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Abstract
Background: Abuse of women is a violation of human rights, and has adverse impact on

physical, mental and reproductive health. Yet, there is limited population based knowledge

about the effect on postpartum health and breastfeeding. There is also need for increased

understanding about the impact of abuse from different perpetrators. Large scale, population

based, prospective studies are requested to assess the public health impact of abuse.

Aims: To investigate the prevalence of adult sexual, physical and emotional abuse, and its

relation to socio demographics and other characteristics. To examine the association between

abuse and postpartum depression and early breastfeeding cessation and whether a potential

association differed between known and unknown perpetrators in a population based sample.

Methods: Our studies included pregnant women participating in the Norwegian Mother and

Child Cohort study. The information was based on self reported questionnaires and was

linked to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Paper I had a cross-sectional design and

included 65,393 women. Papers II and III were prospective, and included 53,065 and 53,934,

respectively.

Results: Overall, 32% reported any lifetime abuse, whereas 20% had experienced adult abuse

and 19% childhood abuse. Recent abuse was reported by 5% of the women. Emotional abuse

was the most common type of abuse both for adults and children, and 30% of the abused

reported two or more types of abuse. For all types of abuse, known perpetrator was more

commonly reported. Logistic regression analyses found that all types of adult abuse, as

singular or combined exposures, were significantly associated with postpartum depression.

The highest risk was seen among those exposed to recent adult abuse, compared with no adult

abuse. Past and recent abuse was associated with cessation of breastfeeding before four

months, and highest risk of cessation was seen in women exposed to three types of abuse.

This is one of the first studies to document the association between emotional abuse, as

singular or combined exposure, and early breastfeeding cessation. The increased risk of early

breastfeeding cessation was independent of prior depression, postpartum depression and other

confounders.

Conclusion: Norwegian women reported high prevalence rates of abuse. Different types of

abuse, as singular and combined exposures, whether recent or past, were associated with postpartum depression and early cessation of breastfeeding; which underscore the huge

burden of abuse on women’s health. The strong association between emotional abuse and

breastfeeding cessation highlights that emotional abuse alone, or in combination with other

types of abuse, should be assessed for. Abuse is not inevitable, accordingly, higher attention

and effort from health care providers, in order to initiate interventions to end abuse is crucial.
Has parts
Paper 1: Sørbø, Marie Flem; Grimstad, Hilde; Bjørngaard, Johan Håkon; Schei, Berit; Lukasse, Mirjam. Prevalence of sexual, physical and emotional abuse in the Norwegian mother and child cohort study. BMC Public Health 2013 ;Volum 13 http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1186/1471-2458-13-186 This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​2.​0)

Paper 2: Sørbø, Marie Flem; Grimstad, Hilde; Bjørngaard, Johan Håkon; Lukasse, Mirjam; Schei, Berit. Adult physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and postpartum depression, a population based, prospective study of 53,065 women in the norwegian mother and child cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014 ;Volum 14.(1) http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1186/1471-2393-14-316 This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0)

Paper 3: Sørbø, Marie Flem; Lukasse, Mirjam; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Grimstad, Hilde. Past and recent abuse is associated with early cessation of breast feeding: results from a large prospective cohort in Norway. BMJ Open 2015 ;Volum 5.(12) http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009240 This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Publisher
NTNU
Series
Doctoral thesis at NTNU;2016:67

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