Anxiety as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of depression: A prospective examination of community-dwelling men (The MrOS study)

Abstract

Anxiety and depression have been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether anxiety is a risk factor independent from depression, and if associations are limited to specific CVD outcomes remains unclear. Design: Participants (N = 3135) of the prospective Osteoporotic Fracturs in Men Sleep ancillary study were community-dwelling men (age ≥ 65) living in the US. Main outcome measures: The Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scales, coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CER). We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: During 12 years of follow-up, we accrued 612 cases of CHD and 291 cases of CER (incident or repeat-event). Overall, we observed no association between anxiety or depression and CER. Anxiety was significantly associated with CHD, but this effect was attenuated after controlling for depression and covariates. Depression was significantly associated with CHD after similar adjustments. For men without prior history of CVD, neither anxiety nor depression were associated with incident CHD. Conclusions: Anxiety was not a significant independent predictor of CHD or CER, suggesting that previous findings of anxiety as a risk factor of CVD might be attributed to failure to control for the effect of depression.