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The role of vacancy condensation for the formation of voids in rutile TiO2 nanowires

Folger, Alena; Ebbinghaus, Petra; Erbe, Andreas; Scheu, Christina
Journal article, Peer reviewed
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URI
http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2443791
Date
2017
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  • Institutt for materialteknologi [1570]
  • Publikasjoner fra CRIStin - NTNU [19849]
Original version
ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2017, 9 13471-13479.   10.1021/acsami.7b01160
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanowire (NW) arrays are incorporated in many devices for energy conversion, energy storage, and catalysis. A common approach to fabricate these NWs is based on hydrothermal synthesis strategies. A drawback of this low-temperature method is that the NWs have a high density of defects, such as stacking faults, dislocations, and oxygen vacancies. These defects compromise the performance of devices. Here, we report a postgrowth thermal annealing procedure to remove these lattice defects and propose a mechanism to explain the underlying changes in the structure of the NWs. A detailed transmission electron microscopy study including in situ observation at elevated temperatures reveals a two-stage process. Additional spectroscopic analyses and X-ray diffraction experiments clarify the underlying mechanisms. In an early, low-temperature stage, the as-grown mesocrystalline NW converts to a single crystal by the dehydration of surface-bound OH groups. At temperatures above 500 °C, condensation of oxygen vacancies takes place, which leads to the fabrication of NWs with internal voids. These voids are faceted and covered with Ti3+-rich amorphous TiOx.
Publisher
American Chemical Society
Journal
ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

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