• A political economy theory of the soft budget constraint 

      Robinson, James A.; Torvik, Ragnar (Working Paper Series, 1503-299X; 2005:9, Research report, 2005)
      Why do soft budget constraints exist and persist? In this paper we argue that the prevalence of soft budget constraints can be best explained by the political desirability of softness. We develop a political economy model ...
    • The political agenda effect and state centralization 

      Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A.; Torvik, Ragnar (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      We provide a potential explanation, based on the “political agenda effect”, for the absence of, and unwillingness to create, centralized power in the hands of a national state. State centralization induces citizens of ...