• Pregnancy complications in last pregnancy and mothers’ long-term cardiovascular mortality: does the relation differ from that of complications in first pregnancy? A population-based study 

      Seid, Abdu Kedir; Morken, Nils-Halvdan; Klungsøyr, Kari; Kvalvik, Liv Grimstvedt; Sørbye, Linn Marie; Vatten, Lars Johan; Skjaerven, Rolv (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      Background Women who experience complications in first pregnancy are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Little corresponding knowledge is available for complications in later pregnancies. ...
    • Prevalence of the CHEK2 R95* germline mutation 

      Knappskog, Stian; Leirvaag, Beryl; Gansmo, Liv Beathe; Romundstad, Pål Richard; Hveem, Kristian; Vatten, Lars Johan; Lønning, Per Eystein (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2016)
      Background While germline CHEK2 mutations have been linked to a moderately elevated cancer risk, to date, a limited number of such mutations have been identified. Recently, we reported a germline nonsense mutation (C283T; ...
    • Random error units, extension of a novel method to express random error in epidemiological studies 

      Janszky, Imre; Bjørngaard, Johan Håkon; Romundstad, Pål Richard; Vatten, Lars Johan; Orsini, Nicola (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Currently used methods to express random error are often misinterpreted and consequently misused by biomedical researchers. Previously we proposed a simple approach to quantify the amount of random error in epidemiological ...
    • Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol 

      Taddei, Cristina; Zhou, Bin; Bixby, Honor; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Danaei, Goodarz; Jackson, Rod T.; Ahmed, Soheir H; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan; Janszky, Imre; Krokstad, Steinar; Laugsand, Lars Erik; Madar, Ahmed Ali; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.; Meyer, Haakon E; Sen, Abhijit; Tell, Grete S.; Vatten, Lars Johan; Wilsgaard, Tom; Farzadfar, Farshad; Sophiea, Marisa K.; Di Cesare, Mariachiara; Iurilli, Maria L. C.; Martinez, Andrea Rodriguez; Asghari, Golaleh; Dhana, Klodian; Gulayin, Pablo; Kakarmath, Sujay; Santero, Marilina; Voortman, Trudy; Riley, Leanne M.; Cowan, Melanie J.; Savin, Stefan; Bennett, James E.; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Cifkova, Renata; Giampaoli, Simona; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Khang, Young-Ho; Kuulasmaa, Kari; Laxmaiah, Avula; Margozzini, Paula; Mathur, Prashant (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using ...
    • Reproductive and hormonal risk factors of breast cancer: A historical perspective 

      Horn, Julie; Vatten, Lars Johan (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)
      The complexity of breast cancer etiology has puzzled scientists for more than 300 years. In this brief review, we emphasize the importance of reproductive and hormonal factors in relation to the risk of breast cancer. By ...
    • Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults 

      Bixby, Honor; Bentham, James; Zhou, Bin; Di Cesare, Mariachiara; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Bennett, James E.; Taddei, Cristina; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Ekelund, Ulf; Kolle, Elin; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Tarp, Jakob; Ariansen, Inger; Biehl, Anna Månsson; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Meisfjord, Jørgen Rajan; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark; Meyer, Haakon E; Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan; Tell, Grethe S.; Janszky, Imre; Krokstad, Steinar; Laugsand, Lars Erik; Sen, Abhijit; Vatten, Lars Johan; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.; Wilsgaard, Tom; Khang, Young-Ho; Soric, Maroje; Gregg, Edward W.; Miranda, J. Jaime; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Savin, Stefan; Sophiea, Marisa K.; Iurilli, Maria L. C.; Solomon, Bethlehem D.; Cowan, Melanie J.; Riley, Leanne M.; Danaei, Goodarz; Bovet, Pascal; Chirita-Emandi, Adela; Hambleton, Ian R; Hayes, Alison J; Ikeda, Nayu; Kengne, Andre P; Laxmaiah, Avula (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities1,2. This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most ...
    • Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Subtypes and Breast Cancer in Old Age: Prospective studies in Norwegian women 

      Horn, Julie (Doktoravhandlinger ved NTNU, 1503-8181; 2014:299, Doctoral thesis, 2014)
      Risikofaktorer for brystkreftsubtyper og brystkreft i høy alder Prospektive studier av norske kvinner Brystkreft er den hyppigste kreftformen blant kvinner i Norge og mange andre land, og forekomsten er høyest blant eldre ...
    • School wellbeing among children in grades 1-10 

      Løhre, Audhild; Lydersen, Stian; Vatten, Lars Johan (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2010)
      Background: Determinants of children’s school wellbeing have not been extensively studied. In this cross-sectional study of school children we assessed how factors assumed to promote wellbeing and factors assumed to ...
    • Systematic assessment of prescribed medications and short-term risk of myocardial infarction - a pharmacopeia-wide association study from Norway and Sweden 

      Sen, Abhijit; Vardaxis, Ioannis; Lindqvist, Bo Henry; Brumpton, Ben Michael; Strand, Linn B; Bakken, Inger Johanne Landsjøåsen; Vatten, Lars Johan; Romundstad, Pål Richard; Ljung, Rickard; Mukamal, Kenneth Jay; Janszky, Imre (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Wholesale, unbiased assessment of Scandinavian electronic health-care databases offer a unique opportunity to reveal potentially important undiscovered drug side effects. We examined the short-term risk of acute myocardial ...
    • The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study 

      Bjørngaard, Johan Håkon; Gunnell, David; Gabrielsen, Maiken Elvestad; Davey Smith, George; Skorpen, Frank; Krokan, Hans Einar; Vatten, Lars Johan; Romundstad, Pål Richard (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2013)
      Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with mental illness but the causal direction of the association is uncertain. We investigated the causal relationship between smoking and symptoms of anxiety and depression in the ...
    • The influence of obesity-related factors in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma-A mendelian randomization study 

      Johansson, Mattias; Carreras-Torres, Robert; Scelo, Ghislaine; Purdue, Mark P.; Mariosa, Daniela; Muller, David C.; Timpson, Nicholas J.; Haycock, Philip C.; Brown, Kevin M.; Wang, Zhaoming; Ye, Yuanqing; Hofmann, Jonathan N.; Foll, Matthieu; Gaborieau, Valerie; Machiela, Mitchell J.; Colli, Leandro M.; Li, Peng; Garnier, Jean-Guillaume; Blanche, Helene; Boland, Anne; Burdette, Laurie; Prokhortchouk, Egor; Skryabin, Konstantin G.; Yeager, Meredith; Radojevic-Skodric, Sanja; Ognjanovic, Simona; Foretova, Lenka; Holcatova, Ivana; Janout, Vladimir; Mates, Dana; Mukeriya, Anush; Rascu, Stefan; Zaridze, David; Bencko, Vladimir; Cybulski, Cezary; Fabianova, Eleonora; Jinga, Viorel; Lissowska, Jolanta; Lubinski, Jan; Navratilova, Marie; Rudnai, Peter; Benhamou, Simone; Cancel-Tassin, Geraldine; Cussenot, Olivier; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Ljungberg, Börje; Tumkur Sitaram, Raviprakash; Häggström, Christel; Bruinsma, Fiona; Jordan, Susan J.; Severi, Gianluca; Winship, Ingrid; Hveem, Kristian; Vatten, Lars Johan; Fletcher, Tony; Larsson, Susanna C.; Wolk, Alicja; Banks, Rosamonde E.; Selby, Peter J.; Easton, Douglas F.; Andreotti, Gabriella; Beane Freeman, Laura E.; Koutros, Stella; Männistö, Satu; Weinstein, Stephanie; Clark, Peter E.; Edwards, Todd L.; Lipworth, Loren; Gapstur, Susan M.; Stevens, Victoria L.; Carol, Hallie; Freedman, Matthew L.; Pomerantz, Mark M.; Cho, Eunyoung; Wilson, Kathryn M.; Gaziano, J. Michael; Sesso, Howard D.; Freedman, Neal D.; Parker, Alexander S.; Eckel-Passow, Jeanette E.; Huang, Wen-Yi; Kahnoski, Richard J.; Lane, Brian R.; Noyes, Sabrina L.; Petillo, David; Teh, Bin Tean; Peters, Ulrike; White, Emily; Anderson, Garnet L.; Johnson, Lisa; Luo, Juhua; Buring, Julie; Lee, I-Min; Chow, Wong-Ho; Moore, Lee E.; Eisen, Timothy; Henrion, Marc; Larkin, James; Barman, Poulami; Leibovich, Bradley C.; Choueiri, Toni K.; Lathrop, G. Mark; Deleuze, Jean-François; Gunter, Marc; McKay, James D.; Wu, Xifeng; Houlston, Richard S.; Chanock, Stephen J.; Relton, Caroline; Richards, J. Brent; Martin, Richard M.; Davey Smith, George; Brennan, Paul (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Background Several obesity-related factors have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but it is unclear which individual factors directly influence risk. We addressed this question using genetic markers as ...
    • The MDM4 SNP34091 (rs4245739) C-allele is associated with increased risk of ovarian—but not endometrial cancer 

      Lønning, Per Eystein; Gansmo, Liv Beathe; Salvesen, Helga; Romundstad, Pål Richard; Birkeland, Einar Elvbakken; Bjørnslett, Merete Pauline; Halle, Mari Kyllesø; Dørum, Anne; Hveem, Kristian; Knappskog, Stian; Vatten, Lars Johan (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016)
      The MDM4 protein (also known as MDMX or HDMX) is a negative regulator of p53, not only by direct interaction but also through its interaction with MDM2. Further, MDM4 overexpression and amplification have been observed in ...
    • The premenopausal breast cancer collaboration: A pooling project of studies participating in the national cancer institute cohort consortium 

      Nichols, Hazel B.; Schoemaker, Minouk J.; Wright, Lauren B.; McGowan, Craig; Brook, Mark N.; Mcclain, Kathleen M.; Jones, Michael E.; Adami, Hans Olov; Agnoli, Claudia; Baglietto, Laura; Bernstein, Leslie; Bertrand, Kimberly A.; Blot, William J.; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Butler, Lesley; Chen, Yu; Doody, Michele M.; Dossus, Laure; Eliassen, A. Heather; Giles, Graham G.; Gram, Inger Torhild; Hankinson, Susan E.; Hoffman-Bolton, Judy; Kaaks, Rudolf; Key, Timothy J.; Kirsh, Victoria A.; Kitahara, Cari M.; Koh, Woon-Puay; Larsson, Susanna C; Lund, Eiliv; Ma, Huiyan; Merritt, Melissa A.; Milne, Roger L.; Navarro, Carmen; Overvad, Kim; Ozasa, Kotaro; Palmer, Julie R.; Peeters, Petra H.; Riboli, Elio; Rohan, Thomas E.; Sadakane, Atsuko; Sund, Malin; Tamimi, Rulla M.; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Vatten, Lars Johan; Visvanathan, Kala; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Willett, Walter C.; Wolk, Alicja; Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, Anne; Zheng, Wei; Sandler, Dale P.; Swerdlow, Anthony J. (Journal article, 2017)
      Breast cancer is a leading cancer diagnosis among premenopausal women around the world. Unlike rates in postmenopausal women, incidence rates of advanced breast cancer have increased in recent decades for premenopausal ...
    • TOP2A gene copy number change in breast cancer 

      Engstrøm, Monica J; Ytterhus, Borgny; Vatten, Lars Johan; Opdahl, Signe; Bofin, Anna M. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2014)
      Aims The clinical significance of TOP2A as a prognostic marker has not been clarified. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of TOP2A copy number change; to correlate TOP2A with HER2 status, hormone ...
    • Understanding recent trends in incidence of invasive breast cancer in Norway: age-period-cohort analysis based on registry data on mammography screening and hormone treatment use 

      Weedon-Fekjær, Harald; Bakken, Kjersti; Vatten, Lars Johan; Tretli, Steinar (Journal article, 2012)
      Objective To quantify the separate contributions of menopausal hormone treatment and mammography screening activities on trends in incidence of invasive breast cancer between 1987 and 2008. Design Population study using ...
    • Using Prior Information from the Medical Literature in GWAS of Oral Cancer Identifies Novel Susceptibility Variant on Chromosome 4-the AdAPT Method 

      Johansson, Mattias; Roberts, Angus; Chen, Dan; Li, Yaoyong; Delahaye-Sourdeix, Manon; Aswani, Niraj; Greenwood, Mark A; Benhamou, Simone; Lagiou, Pagona; Holcatova, Ivana; Richiardi, Lorenzo; Kjærheim, Kristina; Agudo, Antonio; Castellsague, Xavier; Macfarlane, Tatiana V.; Barzan, Luigi; Canova, Cristina; Thakker, NS; Conway, David I.; Znaor, Ariana; Healy, Claire M.; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Zaridze, David; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N; Lissowska, Jolanta; Fabianova, E; Mates, Ioan Nicolae; Bencko, Vladimir; Foretova, L; Janout, V; Curado, MP; Koifman, S; Menezes, A; Wunsch, V; Eluf-Neto, J; Boffetta, P; Franceschi, S; Herrero, R; Garrote, LF; Talamini, R; Boccia, S; Galan, P; Vatten, Lars Johan; Thomson, P; Zelenika, D; Lathrop, M; Byrnes, G; Cunningham, H; Brennan, P; Wakefield, J; Mckay, JD (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2012)
      Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) require large sample sizes to obtain adequate statistical power, but it may be possible to increase the power by incorporating complementary data. In this study we ...
    • Variation in serum PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9), cardiovascular disease risk, and an investigation of potential unanticipated effects of PCSK9 inhibition 

      Brumpton, Ben Michael; Fritsche, Lars; Zheng, Jie; Nielsen, Jonas Bille; Mannila, Maria Nastase; Surakka, Ida; Rasheed, Humaira; Vie, Gunnhild Åberge; Graham, Sarah E.; Gabrielsen, Maiken Elvestad; Laugsand, Lars Erik; Aukrust, Pål; Vatten, Lars Johan; Damås, Jan Kristian; Ueland, Thor; Janszky, Imre; Zwart, John-Anker; van't Hooft, Ferdinand M.; Seidah, Nabil Georges; Hveem, Kristian; Willer, Cristen; Smith, George Davey; Åsvold, Bjørn Olav (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2019)
      PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitors reduce serum LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (LDL-C) by increasing uptake in the liver. Although some long-term trials have evaluated their safety, ...
    • White blood cell BRCA1 promoter methylation status and ovarian cancer risk 

      Lønning, Per Eystein; Berge, Elisabet Ognedal; Bjørnslett, Merete Pauline; Minsaas, Laura; Chrisanthar, Ranjan; Vetti, Hildegunn Høberg; Dulary, Cécile; Busato, Florence; Bjørneklett, Silje; Eriksen, Christine; Kopperud, Reidun Kristin; Axcrona, Ulrika; Davidson, Ben; Bjørge, Line; Evans, D. Gareth; Howell, Anthony; Salvesen, Helga; Janszky, Imre; Hveem, Kristian; Romundstad, Pål Richard; Vatten, Lars Johan; Tost, Jörg; Dørum, Anne; Knappskog, Stian (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      Background: The role of normal tissue gene promoter methylation in cancer risk is poorly understood. Objective: To assess associations between normal tissue BRCA1 methylation and ovarian cancer risk. Design: 2 ...
    • Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants 

      Zhou, Bin; Bentham, James; Di Cesare, Mariachiara; Bixby, Honor; Danaei, Goodarz; Cowan, Melanie J.; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Singh, Gitanjali M; Hajifathalian, Kaveh; Bennett, James E.; Taddei, Cristina; Bilano, Ver; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Djalalinia, Shirin; Khatibzadeh, Shahab; Lugero, Charles; Peykari, Niloofar; Zhang, Wan Zhu; Lu, Yuan; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Riley, Leanne M.; Bovet, Pascal; Elliott, Paul; Gu, Dongfeng; Ikeda, Nayu; Jackson, Rod T; Joffres, Michel; Kengne, André Pascal; Laatikainen, Tiina; Lam, Tai Hing; Laxmaiah, Avula; Liu, Jing; Miranda, J. Jaime; Mondo, Charles K; Neuhauser, Hannelore K; Sundström, Johan; Smeeth, Liam; Sorić, Maroje; Woodward, Mark; Ezzati, Majid; Abarca-Gómez, Leandra; Abdeen, Ziad A.; Abdul Rahim, Hanan; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin; Adams, Robert; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Afsana, Kaosar; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.; Agyemang, Charles; Ahmadvand, Alireza; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Al Raddadi, Rajaa; Al Woyatan, Rihab; Ali, Mohamed M; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Aly, Eman; Amuzu, Antoinette; Amouyel, Philippe; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Ängquist, Lars; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Ansong, Daniel; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Araújo, Joana; Ariansen, Inger Kristine; Aris, Tahir; Arlappa, Nimmathota; Aryal, Krishna; Arveiler, Dominique; Assah, Felix K.; Assunção, Maria Cecília; Avdicová, Mária; Azevedo, Ana; Azizi, Fereidoun; Babu, Bontha V; Bahijri, Suhad; Balakrishna, Nagalla; Bandosz, Piotr; Banegas, Jose R; Barbagallo, Carlo M.; Barcelo, Alberto; Barkat, Amina; Barros, Aluisio J.D.; Barros, Mauro V; Bata, Iqbal; Batieha, Anwar M.; Baur, Louise A.; Beaglehole, Robert; Ben Romdhane, Habiba; Benet, Mikhail; Benson, Lowell S.; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio; Bernotiene, Gailute; Bettiol, Heloisa; Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor; Bharadwaj, Sumit; Bhargava, Santosh K.; Bi, Yufang; Bikbov, Mukharram; Bjerregaard, Peter; Bjertness, Espen; Ekelund, Ulf; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Janszky, Imre; Kolle, Elin; Krokstad, Steinar; Laugsand, Lars Erik; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.; Sen, Abhijit; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Vatten, Lars Johan; Wilsgaard, Tom (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016)
      Background Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence ...
    • Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults 

      Bentham, James; Di Cesare, Mariachiara; Bilano, Ver; Bixby, Honor; Zhou, Bin; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Riley, Leanne M.; Taddei, Cristina; Hajifathalian, Kaveh; Lu, Yuan; Savin, Stefan; Cowan, Melanie J.; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Chirita-Emandi, Adela; Hayes, Alison J; Katz, Joanne; Kelishadi, Roya; Kengne, André Pascal; Khang, Young-Ho; Laxmaiah, Avula; Li, Yanping; Ma, Jun; Miranda, J. Jaime; Mostafa, Aya; Neovius, Martin; Padez, Cristina; Rampal, Lekhraj; Zhu, Aubrianna; Bennett, James E.; Danaei, Goodarz; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Ezzati, Majid; Abarca-Gómez, Leandra; Abdeen, Ziad A.; Hamid, Zargar Abdul; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin; Acuin, Cecilia; Adams, Robert J.; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Afsana, Kaosar; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.; Agyemang, Charles; Ahmadvand, Alireza; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Ajlouni, Kamel; Akhtaeva, Nazgul; Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M.; Al-Othman, Amani Rashed; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa; AlBuhairan, Fadia S.; AlDhukair, Shahla; Ali, Mohamed M; Ali, Osman; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar; Aly, Eman; Amarapurkar, Deepak N.; Amouyel, Philippe; Amuzu, Antoinette; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Andrade, Dolores S; Ängquist, Lars; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Araújo, Joana; Ariansen, Inger Kristine; Aris, Tahir; Arlappa, Nimmathota; Arveiler, Dominique; Aryal, Krishna; Aspelund, Thor; Assah, Felix K.; Assunção, Maria Cecília; Aung, May Soe; Avdicová, Mária; Azevedo, Ana; Azizi, Fereidoun; Babu, Bontha V; Bahijri, Suhad; Baker, Jennifer L.; Balakrishna, Nagalla; Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed; Banach, Maciej; Bandosz, Piotr; Banegas, Jose R; Barbagallo, Carlo M.; Barcelo, Alberto; Barkat, Amina; Barros, Aluisio J.D.; Barros, Mauro V.G.; Bata, Iqbal; Biehl, Anna Månsson; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark; Ekelund, Ulf; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Janszky, Imre; Kolle, Elin; Krokstad, Steinar; Laugsand, Lars Erik; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.; Meisfjord, Jørgen Rajan; Meyer, Haakon E; Sen, Abhijit; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Vatten, Lars Johan; Wilsgaard, Tom (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)
      Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index ...