Comparison of the condition of steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete with water-glass and alkali-free activators after more than 20 years of service in a subsea road tunnel
Manquehual Mery, Cristobal Javier; Jakobsen, Pål Drevland; Holter, Karl Gunnar; De Weerdt, Klaartje; Danner, Tobias Alexander; Bruland, Amund
Peer reviewed, Journal article
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Date
2022Metadata
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Original version
10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127090Abstract
The in-service condition of steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete installed more than 20 years ago as single-shell rock support lining in the Nordkapp subsea road tunnel was investigated. The novelty of this study is the comparison of shotcrete with water–glass and alkali-free activators in a saline groundwater environment. The lowest shotcrete density was obtained at joints between two adjacent shotcrete layers. In the case of alkali-free accelerator, ettringite enrichment was observed in these joints. Leaching appeared to be the main degradation mechanism in the outermost 10–15 cm towards the traffic room.