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dc.contributor.authorBjørngaard, Johan Håkon
dc.contributor.authorNordestgaard, AT
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Amy E
dc.contributor.authorTreur, Jorien L
dc.contributor.authorGabrielsen, Maiken Elvestad
dc.contributor.authorMunafo, Marcus R
dc.contributor.authorNordestgaard, BG
dc.contributor.authorÅsvold, Bjørn Olav
dc.contributor.authorRomundstad, Pål Richard
dc.contributor.authorDavey Smith, George
dc.date.accessioned2018-01-09T15:38:14Z
dc.date.available2018-01-09T15:38:14Z
dc.date.created2018-01-09T13:33:20Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.identifier.issn0300-5771
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11250/2476537
dc.description.abstractBackground There is evidence for a positive relationship between cigarette and coffee consumption in smokers. Cigarette smoke increases metabolism of caffeine, so this may represent a causal effect of smoking on caffeine intake. Methods We performed Mendelian randomization analyses in the UK Biobank (N = 114 029), the Norwegian HUNT study (N = 56 664) and the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS) (N = 78 650). We used the rs16969968 genetic variant as a proxy for smoking heaviness in all studies and rs4410790 and rs2472297 as proxies for coffee consumption in UK Biobank and CGPS. Analyses were conducted using linear regression and meta-analysed across studies. Results Each additional cigarette per day consumed by current smokers was associated with higher coffee consumption (0.10 cups per day, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.17). There was weak evidence for an increase in tea consumption per additional cigarette smoked per day (0.04 cups per day, 95% CI: −0.002, 0.07). There was strong evidence that each additional copy of the minor allele of rs16969968 (which increases daily cigarette consumption) in current smokers was associated with higher coffee consumption (0.16 cups per day, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.20), but only weak evidence for an association with tea consumption (0.04 cups per day, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.09). There was no clear evidence that rs16969968 was associated with coffee or tea consumption in never or former smokers or that the coffee-related variants were associated with cigarette consumption. Conclusions Higher cigarette consumption causally increases coffee intake. This is consistent with faster metabolism of caffeine by smokers, but could also reflect a behavioural effect of smoking on coffee drinking.nb_NO
dc.language.isoengnb_NO
dc.publisherOxford University Press (OUP)nb_NO
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.titleHeavier smoking increases coffee consumption: findings from a Mendelian randomization analysisnb_NO
dc.typeJournal articlenb_NO
dc.typePeer reviewednb_NO
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionnb_NO
dc.source.pagenumber1958–1967nb_NO
dc.source.volume46nb_NO
dc.source.journalInternational Journal of Epidemiologynb_NO
dc.source.issue6nb_NO
dc.identifier.doi10.1093/ije/dyx147
dc.identifier.cristin1538814
dc.description.localcode© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.nb_NO
cristin.unitcode194,65,20,0
cristin.unitcode194,65,20,15
cristin.unitnameInstitutt for samfunnsmedisin og sykepleie
cristin.unitnameHelseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextpostprint
cristin.qualitycode2


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