Multiple-stressor effects in an apex predator: combined influence of pollutants and sea ice decline on lipid metabolism in polar bears

Abstract

There is growing evidence from experimental and human epidemiological studies that many pollutants can disrupt lipid metabolism. In Arctic wildlife, the occurrence of such compounds could have serious consequences for seasonal feeders. We set out to study whether organohalogenated compounds (OHCs) could cause disruption of energy metabolism in female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, Norway (n=112). We analyzed biomarkers of energy metabolism including the abundance profles of nine lipid-related genes, fatty acid (FA) synthesis and elongation indices in adipose tissue, and concentrations of lipid-related variables in plasma (cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides). Furthermore, the plasma metabolome and lipidome were characterized by low molecular weight metabolites and lipid fngerprinting, respectively. Polychlorinated biphenyls, chlordanes, brominated diphenyl ethers and perfuoroalkyl substances were signifcantly related to biomarkers involved in lipid accumulation, FA metabolism, insulin utilization, and cholesterol homeostasis. Moreover, the efects of pollutants were measurable at the metabolome and lipidome levels. Our results indicate that several OHCs afect lipid biosynthesis and catabolism in female polar bears. Furthermore, these efects were more pronounced when combined with reduced sea ice extent and thickness, suggesting that climatedriven sea ice decline and OHCs have synergistic negative efects on polar bears.