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dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Amy E
dc.contributor.authorFluharty, Meg
dc.contributor.authorBjørngaard, Johan Håkon
dc.contributor.authorGabrielsen, Maiken Elvestad
dc.contributor.authorSkorpen, Frank
dc.contributor.authorMarioni, Riccardo R.
dc.contributor.authorCampbell, A.
dc.contributor.authorEngmann, J
dc.contributor.authorMirza, Saira Saeed
dc.contributor.authorLoukola, A.
dc.contributor.authorLaatikainen, Tiina
dc.contributor.authorPartonen, Timo
dc.contributor.authorKaakinen, Marika
dc.contributor.authorDucci, Francesca
dc.contributor.authorCavadino, Alana
dc.contributor.authorHusemoen, Lise Lotte N
dc.contributor.authorAhluwalia, Tarunveer Singh
dc.contributor.authorJacobsen, Rikke Kart
dc.contributor.authorSkaaby, Tea
dc.contributor.authorEbstrup, Jeanette Frost
dc.contributor.authorMortensen, Erik Lykke
dc.contributor.authorMinica, Camelia C
dc.contributor.authorVink, Jacqueline
dc.contributor.authorWillemsen, Gonneke
dc.contributor.authorMarques-Vidal, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorDale, Caroline E
dc.contributor.authorAmuzu, Antoinette
dc.contributor.authorLennon, Lucy
dc.contributor.authorLahti, J
dc.contributor.authorPalotie, Aarno
dc.contributor.authorRäikkönen, K
dc.contributor.authorWong, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorPaternoster, Lavinia
dc.contributor.authorWong, Angelita Pui-Yee
dc.contributor.authorHorwood, L John
dc.contributor.authorMurphy, Michael
dc.contributor.authorJohnstone, Elaine
dc.contributor.authorKennedy, Martin A
dc.contributor.authorPausova, Zdenka
dc.contributor.authorPaus, Tomas
dc.contributor.authorBen-Shlomo, Yoav
dc.contributor.authorNohr, Ellen A
dc.contributor.authorKuh, Diana
dc.contributor.authorKivimaki, Mika
dc.contributor.authorEriksson, Johan G
dc.contributor.authorMorris, Richard W
dc.contributor.authorCasas, Juan Pablo
dc.contributor.authorPreisig, Martin
dc.contributor.authorBoomsma, Dorret I
dc.contributor.authorLinneberg, Allan
dc.contributor.authorPower, Chris
dc.contributor.authorHypponen, Elina
dc.contributor.authorVeijola, J
dc.contributor.authorJärvelin, Marjo-Riitta
dc.contributor.authorKorhonen, T.
dc.contributor.authorTiemeier, H
dc.contributor.authorKumari, Meena
dc.contributor.authorPorteous, David J.
dc.contributor.authorHayward, Caroline
dc.contributor.authorRomundstad, Pål Richard
dc.contributor.authorSmith, George Davey
dc.contributor.authorMunafo, Marcus R
dc.date.accessioned2015-11-10T11:35:45Z
dc.date.accessioned2015-11-23T14:11:11Z
dc.date.available2015-11-10T11:35:45Z
dc.date.available2015-11-23T14:11:11Z
dc.date.issued2014
dc.identifier.citationBMJ Open 2014, 4(10)nb_NO
dc.identifier.issn2044-6055
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11250/2365336
dc.description.abstractObjectives: To investigate whether associations of smoking with depression and anxiety are likely to be causal, using a Mendelian randomisation approach. Design: Mendelian randomisation meta-analyses using a genetic variant (rs16969968/rs1051730) as a proxy for smoking heaviness, and observational meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with depression, anxiety and psychological distress. Participants: Current, former and never smokers of European ancestry aged ≥16 years from 25 studies in the Consortium for Causal Analysis Research in Tobacco and Alcohol (CARTA). Primary outcome measures: Binary definitions of depression, anxiety and psychological distress assessed by clinical interview, symptom scales or self-reported recall of clinician diagnosis. Results: The analytic sample included up to 58 176 never smokers, 37 428 former smokers and 32 028 current smokers (total N=127 632). In observational analyses, current smokers had 1.85 times greater odds of depression (95% CI 1.65 to 2.07), 1.71 times greater odds of anxiety (95% CI 1.54 to 1.90) and 1.69 times greater odds of psychological distress (95% CI 1.56 to 1.83) than never smokers. Former smokers also had greater odds of depression, anxiety and psychological distress than never smokers. There was evidence for positive associations of smoking heaviness with depression, anxiety and psychological distress (ORs per cigarette per day: 1.03 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.04), 1.03 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.04) and 1.02 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.03) respectively). In Mendelian randomisation analyses, there was no strong evidence that the minor allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with depression (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.05), anxiety (OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.07) or psychological distress (OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.06) in current smokers. Results were similar for former smokers. Conclusions: Findings from Mendelian randomisation analyses do not support a causal role of smoking heaviness in the development of depression and anxiety.nb_NO
dc.language.isoengnb_NO
dc.publisherBMJ Publishing Groupnb_NO
dc.titleInvestigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortiumnb_NO
dc.typeJournal articlenb_NO
dc.typePeer revieweden_GB
dc.date.updated2015-11-10T11:35:45Z
dc.source.volume4nb_NO
dc.source.journalBMJ Opennb_NO
dc.source.issue10nb_NO
dc.identifier.doi10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141
dc.identifier.cristin1189706
dc.description.localcodeThis is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/nb_NO


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