• CO2 cooling challenges at CERN for the future phase 2 upgrade program 

      Verlaat, B; Petagna, P.; Zwalinski, L; Daguin, J.; Giakoumi, D.; Bhanot, V; Battistin, M; Hafner, Armin; Collot, J; Postema, H; Tropea, P; Blust, Stefanie; Hanf, P; Pardiñas, Ángel Á. (Chapter, 2019)
      At CERN, evaporative CO2 is the baseline cooling solution for the thermal management of the phaseII silicon detectors which will be installed in 2025 in the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Since 2008 CO2 cooling is used in 3 ...
    • Possible configurations of multiejector driven CO2 systems for Indian supermarkets 

      Blust, Stefanie; Hafner, Armin; Banasiak, Krzysztof; Nekså, Petter (Chapter, 2018)
      An Integrated CO2 Refrigeration Facility is designed for hot climate conditions to improve the basic knowledge of the CO2 refrigeration in India, especially in the supermarket sector. The operational modes can be adapted ...
    • Safety and reliability assessment of CO2 refrigeration system for underground applications below -50 °C 

      Barroca, Pierre; Verlaat, B; Hafner, Armin; Blust, Stefanie; Hulek, Wojciech; Zwalinski, L; Teixeira, Daniella (Chapter, 2021)
      A new CO2 refrigeration concept is evaluated to cool the ATLAS and CMS experiments installed close to 100 m underground, at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The first prototype unit produced to validate the conceptual ...
    • Ultra-Low-Temperature Refrigeration Systems: A Review and Performance Comparison of Refrigerants and Configurations 

      Saeed, Muhammad Zahid; Contiero, Luca; Blust, Stefanie; Allouche, Yosr; Hafner, Armin; Eikevik, Trygve Magne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      During the last decade, many industrial and medical applications have shown a requirement for low-temperature-cooling usage (from −40 to −80 °C), which cannot be efficiently obtained via the conventional refrigeration ...