• Computed Tomography Lesions and Their Association With Global Outcome in Young People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury 

      Riemann, Lennart; Mikolic, Ana; Maas, Andrew; Unterberg, Andreas; Younsi, Alexander; Åkerlund, Cecilia; Amrein, Krisztina; Andelic, Nada; K Frisvold, Shirin; Andreassen, Lasse; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Antoni, Anna; Audibert, Gérard; Azouvi, Philippe; Azzolini, Maria Luisa; Bartels, Ronald; Barzó, Pál; Beauvais, Romuald; Beer, Ronny; Bellander, Bo-Michael; Belli, Antonio; Berardino, Maurizio; Benali, Habib; Beretta, Luigi; Blaabjerg, Morten; Bragge, Peter; Brazinova, Alexandra; Brooker, Joanne; Brinck, Vibeke; Brorsson, Camilla; Buki, Andras; Bullinger, Monika; Cabeleira, Manuel; Caccioppola, Alessio; Calappi, Emiliana; Calvi, Maria Rosa; Cameron, Peter; Carbayo Lozano, Guillermo; Carbonara, Marco; Cavallo, Simona; Chevallard, Giorgio; Chieregato, Arturo; Citerio, Giuseppe; Clusmann, Hans; Coburn, Mark; Coles, Jonathan; Cooper, Jamie D.; Correia, Marta; Čović, Amra; Curry, Nicola; Czosnyka, Marek; Czeiter, Endre; Dahyot-Fizelier, Claire; Dark, Paul; Dawes, Helen; De Keyser, Veronique; Degos, Vincent; Della Corte, Francesco; den Boogert, Hugo; Depreitere, Bart; Đilvesi, Đula; Dixit, Abhishek; Helseth, Eirik; Røe, Cecilie; Skandsen, Toril; Røise, Olav; Vik, Anne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can be accompanied by structural damage to the brain. Here, we investigated how the presence of intracranial traumatic computed tomography (CT) pathologies relates to the global functional ...
    • Developing Cognition Endpoints for the CENTER-TBI Neuropsychological Test Battery 

      Stenberg, Jonas; Karr, Justin E.; Terry, Douglas P.; Saksvik, Simen Berg; Vik, Anne; Skandsen, Toril; Silverberg, Noah D.; Iverson, Grant L. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      Background: Measuring cognitive functioning is common in traumatic brain injury (TBI) research, but no universally accepted method for combining several neuropsychological test scores into composite, or summary, scores ...
    • Differences between Men and Women in Treatment and Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury 

      Mikolic, Ana; van Klaveren, David; Oude Groeniger, Joost; Wiegers, E; Lingsma, Hester F; Zeldovich, Marina; von Steinbüchel, Nicole; Maas, Andrew I.R.; Roeters van Lennep, Jeanine; Polinder, Suzanne; Andelic, Nada; Andreassen, Lasse; Anke, Audny; Frisvold, Shirin; Helseth, Eirik; Røe, Cecilie; Røise, Olav; Skandsen, Toril; Vik, Anne; Åkerlund, Cecilia; Amrein, Krisztina (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of disability, but little is known about sex and gender differences after TBI. We aimed to analyze the association between sex/gender, and the broad range of care pathways, ...
    • Diffusion kurtosis imaging in mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussional syndrome 

      Karlsen, Rune Hatlestad; Einarsen, Cathrine Elisabeth; Moe, Hans Kristian; Håberg, Asta; Vik, Anne; Skandsen, Toril; Eikenes, Live (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      ims of this study were to investigate white matter (WM) and thalamus microstructure 72 hr and 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) with diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and ...
    • Diffusion Tensor and Kurtosis Imaging Findings the First Year Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury 

      Stenberg, Jonas; Skandsen, Toril; Moen, Kent Gøran; Vik, Anne; Eikenes, Live; Håberg, Asta (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2022)
    • Effects of alcohol on Glasgow Coma Scale score and outcome in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury 

      Rundhaug, Nils Petter (Master thesis, 2013)
      Introduction/object: Alcohol is among many clinicians assumed to be a confounding factor when evaluating the consciousness of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Research findings are divergent, and the aim of this study ...
    • End-of-life practices in traumatic brain injury patients: Report of a questionnaire from the CENTER-TBI study 

      van Veen, Ernest; van der Jagt, Mathieu; Citerio, Guiseppe; Stocchetti, Nino; Epker, Jelle; Gommers, Diederik; Burdorf, Lex; Menon, David K; Maas, Andrew I.R.; Lingsma, Hester F; Kompanje, Erwin J.O.; Andelic, Nada; Andreassen, Lasse; Anke, Audny; Frisvold, Shirin; Helseth, Eirik; Røe, Cecilie; Røise, Olav; Skandsen, Toril; Vik, Anne; Åkerlund, Cecilia; Amrein, Krisztina; Antoni, Anna; Audibert, Gerard; Azouvi, Philippe; Azzolini, Maria Luisa; Bartels, Ronald; Barzo, Pal; Beauvais, Romuald; Beer, Ronny; Bellander, Bo-Michael; Belli, Antonio; Benali, Habib; Berardino, Maurizio; Beretta, Luigi; Blaabjerg, Morten; Bragge, Peter; Brazinova, Alexandra; Brinck, Vibeke; Brooker, Joanne; Brorsson, Camilla; Buki, Andras; Bullinger, Monika; Cabeleira, Manuel; Caccioppola, Alessio; Calappi, Emiliana; Calvi, Maria Rosa; Cameron, Peter; Lozano, Guillermo Carbayo; Carbonara, Marco (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      Purpose We aimed to study variation regarding specific end-of-life (EoL) practices in the intensive care unit (ICU) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Materials and methods Respondents from 67 hospitals ...
    • Epidemiology of physical trauma at Dhulikhel hospital in Nepal - a 10 week survey 

      Tyridal, Ingrid (Master thesis, 2013)
      Background: Dhulikhel Hospital (DH) is a Nepalese community hospital serving approximately 1 million people in the district of Kavre and its neighbouring areas. DH also provides services to outreach centres all over Nepal. ...
    • Evaluation of the Scandinavian guidelines for head injuries based on a consecutive series with computed tomography from a Norwegian university hospital 

      Strand, Ingrid H.; Solheim, Ole; Moen, Kent Gøran; Vik, Anne (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2012)
      Background: This study prospectively assesses clinical characteristics and management of consecutive minimal, mild and moderate head injury patients referred for CT scans. Compliance with the Scandinavian head injury guidelines ...
    • Explaining Outcome Differences between Men and Women following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury 

      Mikolic, Ana; Groeniger, Joost Oude; Zeldovich, Marina; Wilson, Lindsay; van Lennep, Jeanine Roeters; van Klaveren, David; Polinder, Suzanne; Andelic, Nada; Andreassen, Lasse; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Frisvold, Shirin; Helseth, Eirik; Røe, Cecilie; Røise, Olav; Skandsen, Toril; Vik, Anne; Åkerlund, Cecilia; Amrein, Krisztina; Antoni, Anna; Audibert, Gerard; Azouvi, Philippe; Azzolini, Maria luisa; Bartels, Ronald; Barzo, Pal; Beauvais, Romuald; Beer, Ronny; Bellander, Bo-michael; Belli, Antonio; Benali, Habib; Berardino, Maurizio; Beretta, Luigi; Blaabjerg, Morten; Bragge, Peter; Brazinova, Alexandra; Brinck, Vibeke; Brooker, Joanne; Brorsson, Camilla; Buki, Andras; Bullinger, Monika; Cabeleira, Manuel; Caccioppola, Alessio; Calappi, Emiliana; Calvi, Maria rosa; Cameron, Peter; Lozano, Guillermo carbayo; Carbonara, Marco; Chevallard, Giorgio; Chieregato, Arturo; Citerio, Giuseppe; Cnossen, Maryse; Coburn, Mark (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Men and women differ in outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study, we previously found that women ...
    • Extended Coagulation Profiling in Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury: A CENTER-TBI Analysis 

      Böhm, Julia K.; Schaeben, Victoria; Schäfer, Nadine; Güting, Helge; Lefering, Rolf; Thorn, Sophie; Schöchl, Herbert; Zipperle, Johannes; Grottke, Oliver; Rolf, Rossaint; Stanworth, Simon; Curry, Nicola; Maegele, Marc; Åkerlund, Cecilia; Amrein, Krisztina; Andelic, Nada; Andreassen, Lasse; Vik, Anne; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Antoni, Anna; Audibert, Gérard; Azouvi, Philippe; Frisvold, Shirin; Skandsen, Toril; Helseth, Eirik; Røe, Cecilie; Røise, Olav (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Background Trauma-induced coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains associated with high rates of complications, unfavorable outcomes, and mortality. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Embedded in ...
    • Extended Coagulation Profling in Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury: A CENTER-TBI Analysis 

      Böhm, Julia K.; Schaeben, Victoria; Schäfer, Nadine; Güting, Helge; Lefering, Rolf; Thorn, Sophie; Schöchl, Herbert; Zipperle, Johannes; Grottke, Oliver; Rossaint, Rolf; Stanworth, Simon; Curry, Nicola; Maegele, Mark; Andelic, Nada; Andreassen, Lasse; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Frisvold, Shirin; Helseth, Eirik; Røe, Cecilie; Røise, Olav; Skandsen, Toril; Vik, Anne; Åkerlund, Cecilia; Amrein, Krisztina; Antoni, Anna; Audibert, Gerard; Azouvi, Philippe; Azzolini, Maria luisa; Bartels, Ronald; Barzo, Pal; Beauvais, Romuald; Beer, Ronny; Bellander, Bo-michael; Belli, Antonio; Benali, Habib; Berardino, Maurizio; Beretta, Luigi; Blaabjerg, Morten; Bragge, Peter; Brazinova, Alexandra; Brinck, Vibeke; Brooker, Joanne; Brorsson, Camilla; Buki, Andras; Bullinger, Monika; Cabeleira, Manuel; Caccioppola, Alessio; Calvi, Maria rosa; Cameron, Peter; Lozano, Guillermo carbayo; Carbonara, Marco; Chevallard, Giorgio (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Background Trauma-induced coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains associated with high rates of complications, unfavorable outcomes, and mortality. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Embedded in ...
    • Factorial validity and comparability of the six translations of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire translations: results from the CENTER-TBI study 

      Zeldovich, Marina; Bockhop, Fabian; Covic, Amra; Mueller, Isabelle; Polinder, Suzanne; Mikolic, Ana; van der Vlegel, Marjolein; von Steinbuechel, Nicole; Åkerlund, Cecilia; Amrein, Krisztina; Andelic, Nada; Andreassen, Lasse; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Antoni, Anna; Audibert, Gerard; Azouvi, Philippe; Azzolini, Maria Luisa; Bartels, Ronald; Barzó, Pál; Beauvais, Romuald; Beer, Ronny; Bellander, Bo-Michael; Belli, Antonio; Benali, Habib; Berardino, Maurizio; Beretta, Luigi; Blaabjerg, Morten; Bragge, Peter; Brazinova, Alexandra; Brinck, Vibeke; Brooker, Joanne; Brorsson, Camilla; Buki, Andras; Bullinger, Monika; Cabeleira, Manuel; Caccioppola, Alessio; Calappi, Emaliana; Calvi, Maria Rosa; Cameron, Peter; Lozano, Guillermo Carbayo; Carbonara, Marco; Cavallo, Simona; Chevallard, Giorgio; Chieregato, Arturo; Citerio, Giuseppe; Clusmann, Hans; Coburn, Mark; Coles, Jonathan; Cooper, Jamie D.; Correia, Marta; Čović, Amra; Curry, Nicola; Czeiter, Endre; Skandsen, Toril; Røe, Cecilie; Røise, Olav; Vik, Anne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      Background Comparison of patient-reported outcomes in multilingual studies requires evidence of the equivalence of translated versions of the questionnaires. The present study examines the factorial validity and comparability ...
    • Frequency and prognostic factors of olfactory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury 

      Bratt, Mette; Skandsen, Toril; Hummel, Thomas; Moen, Kent Gøran; Vik, Anne; Nordgård, Ståle; Helvik, Anne-Sofie (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      Objective: To assess the frequency and factors associated with posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction, including anosmia, in a follow-up of patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: The setting ...
    • Frequency of fatigue and its changes in the first 6 months after traumatic brain injury: results from the CENTER-TBI study 

      Andelic, Nada; Røe, Cecilie; Brunborg, Cathrine; Zeldovich, Marina; Løvstad, Marianne; Løke, Daniel; Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen; Voormolen, Daphne; Howe, Emilie; Forslund, Marit Vindal; DAHL, HILDE MARGRETE; von Steinbuechel, Nicole; Helseth, Eirik; Røise, Olav; Frisvold, Shirin; Anke, Audny; Skandsen, Toril; Vik, Anne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      Background Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported subjective symptoms following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aims were to assess frequency of fatigue over the first 6 months after TBI, and examine whether fatigue ...
    • Global Characterisation of Coagulopathy in Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury (iTBI): A CENTER-TBI Analysis 

      Böhm, JK; Güting, Helge; Thorn, S; Schäfer, Nadine; Rambach, V; Schöchl, Herbert; Grottke, Oliver; Rossaint, Rolf; Stanworth, Simon; Curry, Nicola; Lefering, Rolf; Maegele, Marc; Andelic, Nada; Anke, Audny; Frisvold, Shirin; Helseth, Eirik; Røe, Cecilie; Røise, Olav; Skandsen, Toril; Vik, Anne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      Background Trauma-induced coagulopathy in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high rates of complications, unfavourable outcomes and mortality. The mechanism of the development of TBI-associated ...
    • Headache Attributed to Traumatic Injury to the Head: Epidemiological Evidence and Natural Course 

      Nordhaug, Lena Hoem (Doctoral theses at NTNU;2019:58, Doctoral thesis, 2019)
    • Headache following head injury: a population-based longitudinal cohort study (HUNT) 

      Nordhaug, Lena Hoem; Hagen, Knut; Vik, Anne; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Follestad, Turid; Pedersen, Torunn; Gravdahl, Gøril Bruvik; Linde, Mattias (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      Background Headache is the most frequent symptom following head injury, but long-term follow-up of headache after head injury entails methodological challenges. In a population-based cohort study, we explored whether ...
    • Health care utilization and outcomes in older adults after Traumatic Brain Injury: A CENTER-TBI study 

      van der Vlegel, Marjolein; Mikolić, Ana; Lee Hee, Quentin; Kaplan, Z.L. Rana; Retel Helmrich, Isabel R.A.; van Veen, Ernest; Andelic, Nada; Steinbuechel, Nicole v.; Plass, Anne Marie; Zeldovich, Marina; Wilson, Lindsay; Maas, Andrew I.R.; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Polinder, Suzanne; A˚ kerlund, Cecilia; George, Pradeep; Lanyon, Linda; Muraleedharan, Visakh; Nelson, David; Amrein, Krisztina; Ezer, Erzsébet; Kovács, Noémi; Melegh, Béla; Nyirádi, József; Tamás, Viktória; Vámos, Zoltán; Sorinola, Abayomi; Andreassen, Lasse; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Frisvold, Shirin; Antoni, Anna; Schwendenwein, Elisabeth; Audibert, Gérard; Azouvi, Philippe; Azzolini, Maria Luisa; Beretta, Luigi; Calvi, Maria Rosa; Bartels, Ronald; den Boogert, Hugo; Barzó, Pál; Beauvais, Romuald; Perera, Natascha; Beer, Ronny; Helbok, Raimund; Bellander, Bo-Michael; Belli, Antonio; Benali, Habib; Degos, Vincent; Galanaud, Damien; Perlbarg, Vincent; Berardino, Maurizio; Cavallo, Simona; Blaabjerg, Morten; Rosenlund, Christina; Schou, Rico Frederik; Bragge, Peter; Brazinova, Alexandra; Majdan, Marek; Taylor, Mark Steven; Zelinkova, Veronika; Brinck, Vibeke; Jarrett, Mike; Brooker, Joanne; Donoghue, Emma; Synnot, Anneliese; Brorsson, Camilla; Koskinen, Lars-Owe; Sundström, Nina; Buki, Andras; Czeiter, Endre; Bullinger, Monika; Cabeleira, Manuel; Czosnyka, Marek; Dixit, Abhishek; Ercole, Ari; Koraropoulos, Evgenios; Menon, David; Newcombe, Virginia; Richter, Sophie; Smielewski, Peter; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Williams, Guy; Winzeck, Stefan; Zeiler, Frederick A.; Caccioppola, Alessio; Calappi, Emiliana; Carbonara, Marco; Ortolano, Fabrizio; Zoerle, Tommaso; Stocchetti, Nino; Cameron, Peter; Gantner, Dashiell; Murray, Lynnette; Trapani, Tony; Vallance, Shirley; Lozano, Guillermo Carbayo; Pomposo, Inigo; Castaño-León, Ana M.; Gomez, Pedro A.; Lagares, Alfonso; Chevallard, Giorgio; Chieregato, Arturo; Citerio, Giuseppe; Vargiolu, Alessia; Ceyisakar, Iris; Gravesteijn, Benjamin; Huijben, Jilske; Lingsma, Hester; Nieboer, Daan; Mikolic, Ana; Sewalt, Charlie; Steyerberg, Ewout W.; Velt, Kimberley; Voormolen, Daphne; Wiegers, Eveline; Peul, Wilco; van Dijck, Jeroen T.J.M.; van Essen, Thomas A.; van Wijk, Roel P.J.; Clusmann, Hans; Coburn, Mark; Kowark, Ana; Rossaint, Rolf; Coles, Jonathan; Cooper, Jamie D.; Correia, Marta; Cˇovid, Amra; von Steinbüchel, Nicole; Curry, Nicola; Stanworth, Simon; Dahyot-Fizelier, Claire; Dark, Paul; Johnson, Faye; Dawes, Helen; Esser, Patrick; van Heugten, Caroline; De Keyser, Véronique; Menovsky, Tomas; Van der Steen, Gregory; Corte, Francesco Della; Grossi, Francesca; Depreitere, Bart; Đilvesi, Đula; Golubovic, Jagoš; Karan, Mladen; Vulekovic, Petar; Dreier, Jens; Vajkoczy, Peter; Wolf, Stefan; Dulière, Guy-Loup; Maréchal, Hugues; Fabricius, Martin; Kondziella, Daniel; Feigin, Valery L.; Jones, Kelly; Ao, Braden Te; Theadom, Alice; Foks, Kelly; Haitsma, Iain; Volovici, Victor; Furmanov, Alex; Rosenthal, Guy; Gagliardo, Pablo; Gao, Guoyi; Jiang, Ji-yao; Ghuysen, Alexandre; Giga, Lelde; Valeinis, Egils; Ziverte, Agate; Glocker, Ben; Rueckert, Daniel; Gratz, Johannes; Gruen, Russell L.; Gupta, Deepak; Røe, Cecilie; Helseth, Eirik; Røise, Olav; Horton, Lindsay; Hutchinson, Peter J.; Kolias, Angelos G.; Jacobs, Bram; van der Naalt, Joukje; Jankowski, Stefan; Kompanje, Erwin; Timmers, Marjolein; Laureys, Steven; Ledoux, Didier; Misset, Benoit; Lecky, Fiona; Olubukola, Otesile; Lefering, Rolf; Schäfer, Nadine; Legrand, Valerie; Lejeune, Aurelie; Vega, Emmanuel; Mattern, Julia; Levi, Leon; Lightfoot, Roger; Maegele, Marc; Manara, Alex; Thomas, Matt; Manley, Geoffrey; Martino, Costanza; Sakowitz, Oliver; Sanchez-Porras, Renan; Younsi, Alexander; McMahon, Catherine; Negru, Ancuta; Oresic, Matej; Palotie, Aarno; Parizel, Paul M.; Payen, Jean-François; Persona, Paolo; Piippo-Karjalainen, Anna; Pirinen, Matti; Ples, Horia; Posti, Jussi P.; Puybasset, Louis; Radoi, Andreea; Ragauskas, Arminas; Raj, Rahul; Rambadagalla, Malinka; Rhodes, Jonathan; Richardson, Sylvia; Ripatti, Samuli; Rocka, Saulius; Rosand, Jonathan; Rosenfeld, Jeffrey V.; Rossi, Sandra; Rusnák, Martin; Sahuquillo, Juan; Sandor, Janos; Schmidt, Silke; Schoechl, Herbert; Schoonman, Guus; Skandsen, Toril; Stevens, Robert; Stewart, William; Takala, Riikka; Tamosuitis, Tomas; Tenovuo, Olli; Tibboel, Dick; Tolias, Christos; Tudora, Cristina Maria; van der Jagt, Mathieu; Van Hecke, Wim; Van Praag, Dominique; Vyvere, Thijs Vande; Verheyden, Jan; Vespa, Paul M.; Vik, Anne; Vilcinis, Rimantas; Wang, Kevin K.W.; Yang, Zhihui; Ylén, Peter (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Introduction The incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is increasingly common in older adults aged ≥65 years, forming a growing public health problem. However, older adults are underrepresented in TBI research. ...
    • Health-related quality of life after traumatic brain injury: deriving value sets for the QOLIBRI-OS for Italy, The Netherlands and The United Kingdom 

      Voormolen, Daphne; Polinder, Suzanne; von Steinbuechel, Nicole; Feng, Yan; Wilson, Lindsay; Oppe, Mark; Haagsma, Juanita; Andelic, Nada; Anke, Audny; Frisvold, Shirin; Helseth, Eirik; Skandsen, Toril; Røe, Cecilie; Røise, Olav; Vik, Anne; Åkerlund, Cecilia; Adams, Hadie; Amrein, Krisztina; Antoni, Anna; Audibert, Gerard; Azouvi, Philippe; Azzolini, Maria Luisa; Bartels, Ronald; Barzo, Pal; Beauvais, Romuald; Beer, Ronny; Bellander, Bo-Michael; Belli, Antonio; Benali, Habib; Berardino, Maurizio; Beretta, Luigi; Blaabjerg, Morten; Bragge, Peter; Brazinova, Alexandra; Brinck, Vibeke; Brooker, Joanne; Brorsson, Camilla; Buki, Andras; Bullinger, Monika; Cabeleira, Manuel; Caccioppola, Alessio; Calappi, Emiliana; Calvi, Maria Rosa; Cameron, Peter;  Lozano, Guillermo Carbayo; Carbonara, Marco; Castaño-León, Ana M.; Chevallard, Giorgio; Chieregato, Arturo; Citerio, Giuseppe (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)
      Purpose The Quality of Life after Brain Injury overall scale (QOLIBRI-OS) measures health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to derive value sets for the QOLIBRI-OS ...