Increasingly, food products are wasted, estimated to be around one-third of all food produced. Reducing large amounts of food waste could decrease the carbon footprint, water footprint, land use, and loss of biodiversity, let alone the economic cost.
(FAO 2013)
The use of natural resources for food production is for industrialized countries inefficient. This has a tremendous affect on the earth's ecosystem, affecting water use, land use, loss of biodiversity and the carbon footprint. This includes influencing phosphorus and energy cycles among others, causing negative effects such as eutrophication and greenhouse gas emissions. Expected growth in food production due to population growth in the coming years reinforces environmental concerns and amplifies the need for effective resource management.
(FAO 2013; Foley et al. 2013; Kytzia, Faist and Baccini 2004; Wirsenius 2003)
The agriculture sector emits a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions in Norway. It is worth mentioning that the data presented here, in no way presents the real picture, since food production also indirectly helps to increase emissions in other sectors.
(SSB 2015)
Phosphorus is a vital nutrient for food production and the linear use of the substance makes it unsustainable. Current use involves extraction, consumption and waste, with minimal focus on recycling. The result is phosphorus accumulation in land and aquatic systems, making phosphorus act like a pollutant. Unless the problem with excessive use of phosphorus is attempted solved in a more cyclic manner, current use is excepted to lead to depletion.
(Cordell, Drangert and White, 2009; Rud 2014; Schmid Neset, Bader, Scheidegger and Lohm, 2008; Yuan, Shi, Wu, Zhang and Bi, 2011)
Phosphorus is a limited resource, and Norway is relying on phosphate imports. Phosphate reserves are concentrated in only a handful of countries, making import dependent countries vulnerable and phosphorus a geopolitical issue. Below you can see the top 10 phosphate rock reserves in the world.
(USGS 2015; Ott and Rechberger 2012; Hamilton et al. 2015)
The last few years there has been a steady increase in the use of phosphorus for mineral fertilizer in Norway
The EU uses the waste hierarchy principles as a basis for policy making, where prevention of food waste is the top priority. In Norway however, strategies tend to favour recycling solutions (grey).
The Norwegian government has acknowledged that food waste is a major issue, and that reduction of food waste is high on the political agenda. However, it does not seem clear whether food waste prevention is the prevailing strategy. As opposed to what the government claims, it appears that strategies focus on recycling solutions for creating energy, rewarding the production of bioenergy from organic waste. This is reflected in the state budget as well as the new intersectoral biogas strategy presented by the government.
(Brekk 2010; Hamilton et al. 2015; KLD 2014; Regjeringen 2014)
Food waste is also contributing to energy production. In Norway, a substantial amount of food waste is becoming input to biogas production, and the potential is much larger than what is utilized today.
In Norway, there has been a considerable increase in energy production based on wet organic waste.
We can for example produce biogas from food waste, but this leads to a problem shift, increasing other environmental concerns.
We do not aimlessly want to follow the waste hierarchy. We need a systems approach, in order to quantify mass, energy and critical material flows for food production. Food waste affects multiple actors as well as environmental resources. Since we are dealing with a multidimensional problem, we have to consider system-wide effects. For this job, Material Flow Anlysis could be used as a method for qunatifying the mass, energy and material flows of the Norwegian food production system.