Analysis of Integrated Balancing Markets in Northern Europe under Different Market Design Options
Doctoral thesis
Date
2015Metadata
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- Institutt for elkraftteknikk [2482]
Abstract
In an electric power system, the instantaneous balance between demand and supply
must always be maintained. Due to the inherent stochasticity of certain types
of generation sources and demand, as well as contingencies in the power system,
imbalances occur. Hence, corrective actions are required to continuously keep the
system in a balanced state. For this, the system needs reserve generation capacity
with a set of desired technical characteristics such as fast ramp up speed and short
startup time. By making use of market mechanisms, the System Operator ensures
the availability of enough reserve capacity ahead of time and activates the resources
in response to system imbalances in real-time in a setting called balancing market.
An integrated European electricity market is expected to increase the efficiency,
overall welfare, competition, and security of supply. With this understanding, the
day-ahead market in Europe has undergone integration efforts with the long-term
goal of establishing a single European electricity market. Integration of the balancing
market is also expected to bring a socio-economic benefit. This is due to
the sharing of balancing resources and the reduction of required balancing actions
by netting of imbalances in adjacent areas. However, prior to the realization of a
fully integrated balancing market, balancing market variables such as gate closure
times, remuneration mechanisms, and the contract periods have to be harmonized
first. This PhD work assumes that these variables are in place in the mathematical
formulations and the associated results.
The main objective of this thesis is the modeling of integrated reserve procurement
and balancing energy markets in a setting similar to the current sequential market
clearance order in Europe. The models are used to analyze the impact of balancing
market integration in the current European electricity market settings and allow the
comparison of different market designs. To assess the impact of balancing market
integration, optimization models addressing cross-border reserve procurement and
balancing energy market integration are developed. The first one is composed of
three interdependent blocks: Reserve bidding price determination, reserve procurement,
and day-ahead market clearance. The other one is a formulation for balancing
energy market. In addition, a methodology for optimal cross-border transmission
capacity allocation is developed. The balancing market integration is implemented
in both NTC based and flow-based market coupling settings.
The following are some of the main results obtained in this PhD work:
Unit based upward and downward bidding prices for reserve provision are a
function of the difference between the spot price forecasts and a unit’s marginal
cost.
• The total reserve procurement cost decreases with increased share of reserved
Net Transfer Capacity (NTC), as a result of the possibility of procuring cheaper
cross-border reserves. The day-ahead cost generally increases with increase in
reserved capacity. However, for small shares of reserved transmission capacity,
procuring reserves from another system reduces the need to keep reserves in
the expensive system, increasing the flexibility and reducing the day-ahead
cost.
• Given the possibility of cross-border reserve procurement, more upward reserve
is procured from Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands. On the other hand,
Germany imports some of its FRR requirement.
• Using an NTC based methodology to optimally allocate transmission capacity
for FRR exchange for a planning period of 24 hours, a reduction of EUR
26 million (≈ 8 %) in FRR procurement and EUR 53 million in total costs
is obtained compared to the base case of no reservation. This result asserts
that optimal reservation of NTC for FRR exchange can reduce both FRR
procurement costs and day-ahead costs simultaneously.
• For the model with NTC based optimal transmission capacity reservation,
where a reservation period of 24 hours has been normally used, sensitivity
analyses using a 12 hours reservation period showed very significant cost reductions.
This emphasises the importance of short reservation periods for
reserve procurement.
• The implicit market clearance option, where the reserve requirement is implicitly
considered as a constraint in the day-ahead market clearance, is generally
a more efficient market clearance option than the sequential market clearance
with optimal transmission capacity reservation. The flexibility due to short
planning period and efficiency of the market design option contribute to the
significant total cost reduction offered by the implicit market clearance option.
The flow-based market coupling with implicit market clearance results in total
cost savings of EUR 413 million compared to the case with no transmission capacity
reservation. On the other hand, flow-based sequential market clearance
with optimal transmission reservation gives a saving of EUR 19 million.
• The possibility of cross-border balancing energy exchange gives cost reduction
benefits in comparison to local balancing. The decrease in balancing costs is
due to the netting of imbalances and the use of cheaper balancing energy from
neighbouring zones. Due to the general improvement in market efficiency,
considering the IEEE 30-bus test system, the integrated flow-based balancing
energy market clearing results in 20 % lower balancing cost compared to the
NTC based approach.
Has parts
Paper 1: Gebrekiros, Yonas Tesfay; Doorman, Gerard L.; Jaehnert, Stefan; Farahmand, Hossein: Bidding in the Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR) Market for a Hydropower Unit. I: 2013 4th IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe, 2013) IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm) 2013 - Is not included due to copyright available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2013.6695362Paper 2: Gebrekiros, Yonas Tesfay; Doorman, Gerard L.; Jaehnert, Stefan; Farahmand, Hossein. Reserve procurement and transmission capacity reservation in the Northern European power market. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2015 ;Volum 67. s. 546-559 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.12.042 The article in is reprinted with kind permission from Elsevier, sciencedirect.com
Paper 3: Gebrekiros, Yonas Tesfay; Doorman, Gerard L.. Optimal Transmission Capacity Allocation for Cross-border Exchange of Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR). I: 18th Power system Computations Conference - PSCC 2014. Curran Associates, Inc. 2014 - Is not included due to copyright available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PSCC.2014.7038426
Paper 4: Gebrekiros, Yonas Tesfay; Doorman, Gerard L.; Jaehnert, Stefan. Sensitivity analysis of optimal transmission capacity reservation for cross-border exchange of reserve capacity in Northern Europe. I: European Energy Markets (EEM 14) Conference. IEEE conference proceedings 2014 - Is not included due to copyright available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2014.6861277
Paper 5: Assessment of PTDF Based Power System Aggregation Schemes, 2015 Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC) http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EPEC.2015.7379976 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.
Paper 6: Gebrekiros, Yonas Tesfay; Doorman, Gerard L.; Jaehnert, Stefan; Farahmand, Hossein. Balancing Energy Market Integration Considering Grid Constraints. I: PowerTech Eindhoven 2015. IEEE Press 2015 Is not included due to copyright available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2015.7232410
Paper 7: Flow-Based Optimal Transmission Capacity Allocation for Cross-border Reserves Exchange - This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication. Copyright may be transferred without notice, after which this version may no longer be accessible